quEstions 40-50in thE ninEtEEnth CEntury, oCEAnogrAphy BEnEFitED From thE nEw DEsirE to stuDy phEnomEnA on A gloBAl sCAlE. mAny sCiEntists CollECtED inFormAtion on thE ChEmiCAl Composition, tEmpErAturE, AnD prEssurE oF thE oCEAn At vArious DEpths AnD in DiFFErEnt rEgions. thE DiFFiCulty oF gAthEring inFormAtion ABout thE oCEAn DEpths wAs immEnsE.At First it wAs BEliEvED thAt thE tEmpErAturEs in thE DEpths nEvEr FEll BElow 4 DEgrEEsCElsius, until it wAs shown thAt thE FigurEs wErE DistortED By thE EFFECt oF prEssurEs on thE thErmomEtErs. thErE wAs intEnsivE stuDy oF tiDEs AnD oCEAn CurrEnts, AnD A numBEr oF physiCists ExAminED thE ForCEs rEsponsiBlE For thE movEmEnts oF thE wAtEr. For ExAmplE, jAmEs rEnnEll proviDED thE First ACCurAtE mAp oF thE CurrEnts in thEAtlAntiC oCEAn, AnD thE unitED stAtEsCoAst survEy mADE ExtEnsivE stuDiEs oF thE gulF strEAm. thE zoologistEDwArD ForBEs ArguED thAt no liFE ExistED BElow A DEpth oF 300 FAthoms (ABout 600 mEtErs), A viEw wiDEly ACCEptED until DisprovED By thE voyAgE oF thEBritish rEsEArCh vEssEl hmsChAllEngEr (1872-1876). thE hmsChAllEngEr ExpEDition proviDED vAluABlE inFormAtion ABout thE sEABED, inCluDing thE DisCovEry oF mAngAnEsE noDulEs thAt ArE now BEing sEEn As A potEntiAlly vAluABlE sourCE oF minErAls.thE First DEtAilED mAp oF thE sEABED wAs proviDED For thEAtlAntiC By thEAmEriCAn gEogrAphEr mAtthEw F. mAury. hE DEvisED nEw tEChniquEs For mEAsuring oCEAn DEpths, AnD his work provED oF grEAt vAluE in lAying thE First trAnsAtlAntiC tElEgrAph CABlEs. hE Also stuDiED gloBAl winD pAttErns AnD wAs ABlE to proviDE sAilors with guiDEs thAt signiFiCAntly rEDuCED thE timE tAkEn on mAny routEs. somE oCEAnogrAphErs BEliEvED thAt thE winDs wErE rEsponsiBlE For proDuCing oCEAn CurrEnts suCh As thE gulF strEAm, But msury DisAgrEE
D、hE ArguED thAt thEy wrEr proDuCED By ChAngEs in thE DEnsity oF sEAwAtEr DuE to tEmpErAturE, whiCh sEt up systEms oF movEmEnt BEtwEEn wArm AnD Cool rEgions oF thE worl
D、mAury BEliEvED thAt thE CirCulAtion oF A worm CurrEnt woulD proDuCE iCE-FrEE sEA ArounD thE north polE, A ClAim not DisprovED until FriDtjoF nAnsEn AllowED his vEssEl thE FrAm to BE CArriED to within A FEw DEgrEEs oF thE polE in thE yEArs 1893-1896. thE pAssAgE suggEsts whiCh oF thE Following ABout thE visit oF thE FrAm to thE north polE
A、mAtthEw F. mAury wAs ABoArD thE north polE.
B、During thE FrAm’ s visit to thE north polE, mAtthEw F. mAury’s BEliEF ABout thE north polE’s sEA wAs tEstE
D、
C．thE DisCovEriEs oF thE FrAm wErE lAtEr rEFutED By mAtthEw F. mAury’s DisCovEriEs.
D、thE FrAm FounD thAt thE wAtEr surrounDing thE north polE wAs iCE FrEE.

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